Why does Greenland look bigger than Africa — and India smaller? The Mercator Projection explained

The African Union has joined a growing campaign to challenge centuries of cartographic distortion that has long diminished Africa’s true scale on world maps. The bloc of 55 nations recently endorsed the use of alternatives to the widely taught Mercator projection, arguing that the shift is about dignity, power and reclaiming Africa’s rightful place in the global imagination.

Why is the Mercator map so distorted?

The Mercator projection was developed in the 16th century by German cartographer Gerardus Mercator. It was designed for navigation, ensuring sailors could plot straight-line courses across oceans. But this navigational convenience came at a cost: the projection distorts land size as it moves away from the equator.

Regions near the poles, such as Greenland or northern Canada, appear vastly enlarged, while equatorial regions — including Africa, India and South America — are compressed.

This distortion leads to striking misperceptions. Africa, at 30.3 million square kilometres, is over 14 times larger than Greenland’s 2.1 million square kilometres. Yet on most Mercator maps, the two appear almost the same size.

How does this distortion affect Africa’s image?

For campaigners, the impact of the Mercator projection goes beyond geography. Selma Malika Haddadi, deputy chairwoman of the African Union’s executive arm, told Reuters that the map fosters the impression of Africa as “marginal.”

Civil society groups like Africa No Filter and Speak Up Africa have launched the “Correct the Map” campaign, urging global organisations — including the BBC and the United Nations — to adopt more accurate alternatives such as the 2018 Equal Earth projection.

“It is more than geography, it’s really about dignity and pride,” said Fara Ndiaye, co-founder of Speak Up Africa. “Maps shape how we see the world, and also how power is perceived.”

Why does Greenland look bigger than Africa?

The explanation lies in latitude. 

Distortion increases closer to the poles. Greenland, located near the Arctic Circle, is stretched unnaturally on the Mercator map, inflating its landmass visually. Africa, lying closer to the equator, suffers minimal distortion, meaning its size is comparatively diminished when viewed alongside northern territories.

As a result, a landmass with fewer than 60,000 people is made to look comparable to a continent of 1.5 billion.

How big is Africa compared to Greenland?

The difference is staggering. Africa’s landmass is about 30.3 million square kilometres — more than 14 times the size of Greenland, which covers just 2.1 million square kilometres. Yet on most Mercator maps, the two appear deceptively similar in scale.

This has long contributed to misconceptions about Africa’s importance and size. In reality, Africa can easily contain the United States, China, India, Japan, and much of Europe combined.

Why does India look smaller than it really is?

India is another victim of Mercator’s distortion. Located near the equator, it shrinks in visual comparison with northern countries like Canada or Russia. This makes India appear smaller than it truly is, despite its vast landmass and population.

India covers 3.29 million square kilometres, yet on many school maps, it looks dwarfed by countries with far smaller actual areas.

Is this just about maps — or about power?

Campaigners argue that the problem is not simply geographical. Maps shape narratives. By distorting landmasses of the Global South, the Mercator projection helped reinforce a Eurocentric worldview where Europe and the North appeared dominant.

As Selma Malika Haddadi of the African Union noted: “It might seem to be just a map, but in reality, it is not.”

How are perceptions changing today?

Alternatives such as the 2018 Equal Earth projection are gaining momentum. Unlike the Mercator, the Equal Earth projection preserves the proportional size of continents. On this map, Africa appears in its true scale, dwarfing Europe and North America.

As Fara Ndiaye of Speak Up Africa put it: “By correcting the map, we also correct the global narrative about Africa.”

What happens next?

The African Union is expected to formalise its decision to adopt the Equal Earth projection at its leaders’ summit in Ethiopia in February. Campaigners hope this will set a precedent, pushing international institutions to replace the centuries-old Mercator with area-accurate projections that better reflect global realities.

The AU has also tied the initiative to its 2025 theme, “Justice for Africans and people of African descent through reparations,” framing the campaign as part of a broader project to dismantle colonial-era narratives.